Pedagogy

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Social constructivism → Interaction and cultural tools shape learning. Dialogue can support the construction of understanding. II is correct: Observational learning → Learning by watching others. Attention, retention and opportunities to reproduce behaviour matter.

Correct answer: A

It contrasts with isolated memorisation without connections.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Metacognition → Awareness and regulation of one's own thinking. Planning, monitoring and evaluation are key processes. II is correct: Operant conditioning → Learning influenced by consequences of behaviour. Reinforcement and punishment affect future response likelihood.

Correct answer: C

Attention, retention and opportunities to reproduce behaviour matter.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Self-regulated learning → Learners manage goals, strategies and progress. It combines cognitive, motivational and monitoring processes. II is correct: Experiential learning → Learning through experience followed by reflection. Experience alone is insufficient without making sense of it.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Predictable classroom routines → Reduced uncertainty and transition loss. Students can use attention for learning instead of guessing procedures. II is correct: Positive reinforcement → Adding a desirable consequence to increase behaviour. The effect on future behaviour defines reinforcement.

Correct answer: D

The activity itself supplies the reason to engage.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Belief that ability can improve with effective practice → Growth mindset. It supports improvement without claiming effort alone guarantees success. II is correct: Wait time after a question → Pause allowing learners to think before responding. It can improve participation and response quality.

Correct answer: C

It tells the learner what to change and how.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Working chiefly to obtain a prize → Extrinsic motivation. The incentive is external to the task. II is incorrect: Punishment → Consequence intended to reduce behaviour. It may suppress behaviour without teaching an alternative.

Correct answer: A

It links outcomes to actions the learner can adjust.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Negative reinforcement → Removing an aversive condition to increase behaviour. It is not the same as punishment. II is incorrect: Predictable classroom routines → Reduced uncertainty and transition loss. Students can use attention for learning instead of guessing procedures.

Correct answer: A

It supports improvement without claiming effort alone guarantees success.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Specific feedback identifying the next improvement → Actionable feedback. It tells the learner what to change and how. II is correct: Clear achievable learning goals → Direction for effort and progress monitoring. Goals help learners understand what successful performance involves.

Correct answer: C

The incentive is external to the task.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Wait time after a question → Pause allowing learners to think before responding. It can improve participation and response quality. II is correct: Jointly discussed classroom norms → Shared understanding of expected behaviour. Participation can strengthen commitment and clarity.

Correct answer: C

It reinforces effective approaches rather than a fixed identity label.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Interest in mastering a task for its own sake → Intrinsic motivation. The activity itself supplies the reason to engage. II is correct: Belief that ability can improve with effective practice → Growth mindset. It supports improvement without claiming effort alone guarantees success.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Negative reinforcement → Removing an aversive condition to increase behaviour. It is not the same as punishment. II is incorrect: Punishment → Consequence intended to reduce behaviour. It may suppress behaviour without teaching an alternative.

Correct answer: C

It aims to rebuild relationships and appropriate conduct.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Positive reinforcement → Adding a desirable consequence to increase behaviour. The effect on future behaviour defines reinforcement. II is correct: Jointly discussed classroom norms → Shared understanding of expected behaviour. Participation can strengthen commitment and clarity.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Explaining success through a controllable strategy → Adaptive attribution. It links outcomes to actions the learner can adjust. II is incorrect: Clear achievable learning goals → Direction for effort and progress monitoring. Goals help learners understand what successful performance involves.

Correct answer: A

It influences effort, persistence and willingness to attempt tasks.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Specific feedback identifying the next improvement → Actionable feedback. It tells the learner what to change and how. II is incorrect: Wait time after a question → Pause allowing learners to think before responding. It can improve participation and response quality.

Correct answer: A

Students can use attention for learning instead of guessing procedures.