Pedagogy

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Self-regulated learning → Learners manage goals, strategies and progress. It combines cognitive, motivational and monitoring processes. II is incorrect: Meaningful learning → Connecting new ideas to an organised knowledge structure. It contrasts with isolated memorisation without connections.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Classical conditioning → Learning through association between stimuli. A previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response. II is incorrect: Mastery learning → Additional support and time until a defined standard is reached. Progress is tied to demonstrated understanding.

Correct answer: D

Dialogue can support the construction of understanding.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Distributed practice → Spreading study across separate sessions. Spacing usually improves long-term retention over one massed session. II is correct: Metacognition → Awareness and regulation of one's own thinking. Planning, monitoring and evaluation are key processes.

Correct answer: D

Participation in authentic practice can support understanding.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Experiential learning → Learning through experience followed by reflection. Experience alone is insufficient without making sense of it. II is correct: Operant conditioning → Learning influenced by consequences of behaviour. Reinforcement and punishment affect future response likelihood.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Meaningful learning → Connecting new ideas to an organised knowledge structure. It contrasts with isolated memorisation without connections. II is incorrect: Mastery learning → Additional support and time until a defined standard is reached. Progress is tied to demonstrated understanding.

Correct answer: A

A previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Distributed practice → Spreading study across separate sessions. Spacing usually improves long-term retention over one massed session. II is correct: Social constructivism → Interaction and cultural tools shape learning. Dialogue can support the construction of understanding.

Correct answer: A

Planning, monitoring and evaluation are key processes.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Observational learning → Learning by watching others. Attention, retention and opportunities to reproduce behaviour matter. II is incorrect: Information-processing view → Learning involves attention, encoding, storage and retrieval. It examines how information is handled by cognitive processes.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Operant conditioning → Learning influenced by consequences of behaviour. Reinforcement and punishment affect future response likelihood. II is correct: Meaningful learning → Connecting new ideas to an organised knowledge structure. It contrasts with isolated memorisation without connections.

Correct answer: C

It combines cognitive, motivational and monitoring processes.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Experiential learning → Learning through experience followed by reflection. Experience alone is insufficient without making sense of it. II is correct: Metacognition → Awareness and regulation of one's own thinking. Planning, monitoring and evaluation are key processes.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Discovery learning → Learners infer relationships through structured exploration. Guidance can prevent aimless search and misconceptions. II is incorrect: Mastery learning → Additional support and time until a defined standard is reached. Progress is tied to demonstrated understanding.

Correct answer: D

New information is interpreted rather than simply copied into memory.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Information-processing view → Learning involves attention, encoding, storage and retrieval. It examines how information is handled by cognitive processes. II is incorrect: Operant conditioning → Learning influenced by consequences of behaviour. Reinforcement and punishment affect future response likelihood.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Constructivism → Learners actively build understanding using prior knowledge. New information is interpreted rather than simply copied into memory. II is incorrect: Metacognition → Awareness and regulation of one's own thinking. Planning, monitoring and evaluation are key processes.

Correct answer: A

Experience alone is insufficient without making sense of it.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Metacognition → Awareness and regulation of one's own thinking. Planning, monitoring and evaluation are key processes. II is correct: Classical conditioning → Learning through association between stimuli. A previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response.

Correct answer: A

Transfer improves when underlying principles are understood.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Information-processing view → Learning involves attention, encoding, storage and retrieval. It examines how information is handled by cognitive processes. II is incorrect: Experiential learning → Learning through experience followed by reflection. Experience alone is insufficient without making sense of it.

Correct answer: A

Guidance can prevent aimless search and misconceptions.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Distributed practice → Spreading study across separate sessions. Spacing usually improves long-term retention over one massed session. II is incorrect: Situated learning → Learning embedded in meaningful activity and context. Participation in authentic practice can support understanding.

Correct answer: D

Progress is tied to demonstrated understanding.