Pedagogy

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Scaffolding → Temporary support adjusted to learner need. Support is reduced as competence increases. II is correct: Private speech → Self-directed speech supporting thought or action. It can help a child regulate activity.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Conservation in Piaget's theory → Understanding that quantity can remain unchanged despite altered appearance. A reshaped amount of clay need not contain more material. II is correct: Zone of proximal development → Tasks achievable with support but not yet independently. Instruction can target this developing capability.

Correct answer: C

It is a cognitive limitation, not simply selfishness.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Developmental readiness → Preparedness for a learning task given current capabilities. Teaching should consider prerequisite skills and support. II is incorrect: Object permanence → Understanding that objects continue to exist when unseen. It develops during infancy in Piaget's account.

Correct answer: C

It goes beyond directly observable examples.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Private speech → Self-directed speech supporting thought or action. It can help a child regulate activity. II is correct: Individual differences → Variation in pace, needs and capabilities among learners. Age alone does not imply identical development.

Correct answer: D

Instruction can target this developing capability.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Conservation in Piaget's theory → Understanding that quantity can remain unchanged despite altered appearance. A reshaped amount of clay need not contain more material. II is correct: Egocentrism in early childhood → Difficulty taking another person's perspective. It is a cognitive limitation, not simply selfishness.

Correct answer: A

Teaching should consider prerequisite skills and support.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Object permanence → Understanding that objects continue to exist when unseen. It develops during infancy in Piaget's account. II is incorrect: Zone of proximal development → Tasks achievable with support but not yet independently. Instruction can target this developing capability.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Scaffolding → Temporary support adjusted to learner need. Support is reduced as competence increases. II is incorrect: Egocentrism in early childhood → Difficulty taking another person's perspective. It is a cognitive limitation, not simply selfishness.

Correct answer: A

Age alone does not imply identical development.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Maturation → Biologically influenced developmental change. It interacts with experience and environment. II is incorrect: Proximodistal development → Developmental progression from the centre towards extremities. Control of the arm tends to precede fine finger coordination.

Correct answer: A

A reshaped amount of clay need not contain more material.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Private speech → Self-directed speech supporting thought or action. It can help a child regulate activity. II is incorrect: Developmental readiness → Preparedness for a learning task given current capabilities. Teaching should consider prerequisite skills and support.

Correct answer: A

Children can reason about conservation and classification.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Identity development → Formation of a coherent sense of self. It is especially salient during adolescence. II is correct: Individual differences → Variation in pace, needs and capabilities among learners. Age alone does not imply identical development.

Correct answer: A

A reliable caregiver can serve as a secure base.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Conservation in Piaget's theory → Understanding that quantity can remain unchanged despite altered appearance. A reshaped amount of clay need not contain more material. II is correct: Proximodistal development → Developmental progression from the centre towards extremities. Control of the arm tends to precede fine finger coordination.

Correct answer: C

It develops during infancy in Piaget's account.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Egocentrism in early childhood → Difficulty taking another person's perspective. It is a cognitive limitation, not simply selfishness. II is correct: Identity development → Formation of a coherent sense of self. It is especially salient during adolescence.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Scaffolding → Temporary support adjusted to learner need. Support is reduced as competence increases. II is incorrect: Cephalocaudal development → Developmental progression from head towards lower body. Infant head control generally precedes control of lower regions.

Correct answer: C

It can help a child regulate activity.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Scaffolding → Temporary support adjusted to learner need. Support is reduced as competence increases. II is correct: Conservation in Piaget's theory → Understanding that quantity can remain unchanged despite altered appearance. A reshaped amount of clay need not contain more material.

Correct answer: C

It interacts with experience and environment.