Geography

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Sinkhole in limestone terrain → Solution and collapse. Dissolution enlarges underground openings that may collapse. II is correct: Alluvial fan at a mountain front → Deposition as stream gradient falls. A stream loses carrying capacity on entering a flatter area.

Correct answer: B

Fine windblown silt accumulates over land.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: V-shaped youthful river valley → River downcutting. Vertical erosion dominates in a steep river's upper course. II is correct: Sand spit along a coast → Longshore sediment deposition. Obliquely approaching waves drive sediment along the shore.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Stalactite in a limestone cave → Mineral deposition from dripping water. Calcium carbonate accumulates from the cave roof. II is correct: Delta at a river mouth → Deposition exceeding removal. Sediment builds where a river enters relatively still water.

Correct answer: A

Sand-laden winds erode lower rock surfaces strongly.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: River pothole → Abrasion by swirling pebbles. Eddies rotate stones and grind depressions in bedrock. II is correct: Moraine beside a glacier → Deposition of glacial debris. A glacier transports and deposits unsorted material.

Correct answer: D

Dissolution enlarges underground openings that may collapse.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Mushroom rock in a desert → Wind abrasion. Sand-laden winds erode lower rock surfaces strongly. II is correct: V-shaped youthful river valley → River downcutting. Vertical erosion dominates in a steep river's upper course.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Stalactite in a limestone cave → Mineral deposition from dripping water. Calcium carbonate accumulates from the cave roof. II is correct: Sinkhole in limestone terrain → Solution and collapse. Dissolution enlarges underground openings that may collapse.

Correct answer: B

A moving glacier widens and deepens a valley.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Mushroom rock in a desert → Wind abrasion. Sand-laden winds erode lower rock surfaces strongly. II is correct: Exfoliation of exposed rock → Physical weathering. Outer rock layers peel away without requiring chemical alteration.

Correct answer: C

A river abandons a bend after a shorter channel forms.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Sinkhole in limestone terrain → Solution and collapse. Dissolution enlarges underground openings that may collapse. II is correct: River pothole → Abrasion by swirling pebbles. Eddies rotate stones and grind depressions in bedrock.

Correct answer: C

Eddies rotate stones and grind depressions in bedrock.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: V-shaped youthful river valley → River downcutting. Vertical erosion dominates in a steep river's upper course. II is correct: Moraine beside a glacier → Deposition of glacial debris. A glacier transports and deposits unsorted material.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Widely spaced contour lines → A gentle slope. The same contour interval is spread over a greater distance. II is incorrect: Earth's rotation from west to east → The Sun appears to move east to west. The apparent daily motion is opposite to Earth's rotation.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Equal day and night near an equinox → The Sun is over the equator. Both hemispheres receive roughly equal daylight. II is incorrect: An eastward change of 15 degrees longitude → One hour later in local solar time. Earth rotates through 360 degrees in about 24 hours.

Correct answer: A

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Closely spaced contour lines → A steep slope. A large height change occurs over a short horizontal distance. II is incorrect: A map scale of 1:50,000 → One centimetre represents 500 metres. 50,000 centimetres equals 500 metres.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Earth's axial tilt and revolution → The main cause of seasons. Seasonality is not chiefly caused by changing Earth-Sun distance. II is incorrect: Earth's rotation from west to east → The Sun appears to move east to west. The apparent daily motion is opposite to Earth's rotation.

Correct answer: C

Earth rotates through 360 degrees in about 24 hours.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Equal day and night near an equinox → The Sun is over the equator. Both hemispheres receive roughly equal daylight. II is incorrect: Widely spaced contour lines → A gentle slope. The same contour interval is spread over a greater distance.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: A map scale of 1:50,000 → One centimetre represents 500 metres. 50,000 centimetres equals 500 metres. II is incorrect: Northern summer solstice → The Sun is overhead near the Tropic of Cancer. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

Correct answer: C

A large height change occurs over a short horizontal distance.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Northern summer solstice → The Sun is overhead near the Tropic of Cancer. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. II is incorrect: Earth's axial tilt and revolution → The main cause of seasons. Seasonality is not chiefly caused by changing Earth-Sun distance.