Environment

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Environmental audit → Systematic review of environmental performance or compliance. It checks practices against specified criteria. II is correct: Citizen science → Public participation in systematic data collection or research. Useful observations still require quality controls.

Correct answer: D

Upstream and downstream processes are considered together.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Extended producer responsibility → Producer responsibility extending to a product's post-consumer stage. It can support collection and environmentally sound treatment. II is correct: Baseline survey → Recording conditions before an intervention. It creates a reference for later comparison.

Correct answer: A

Trends can reveal change or compliance problems.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Baseline survey → Recording conditions before an intervention. It creates a reference for later comparison. II is correct: Polluter-pays principle → Polluter bears appropriate pollution prevention and damage costs. It seeks to internalise environmental costs.

Correct answer: C

Design considers energy, water, materials and indoor conditions.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Environmental monitoring → Repeated measurement of environmental conditions. Trends can reveal change or compliance problems. II is incorrect: Ecological footprint → Demand expressed as biologically productive area needed to support consumption and absorb relevant wastes. It differs from a measurement of carbon emissions alone.

Correct answer: B

It checks practices against specified criteria.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Sustainable transport → Mobility with reduced environmental and social burdens. Public transport and safe active travel can contribute. II is incorrect: Green building → Building designed to reduce resource use and environmental impacts. Design considers energy, water, materials and indoor conditions.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Thermal pollution → Harmful alteration of a water body's temperature. Warm discharges can reduce oxygen availability and stress organisms. II is correct: Dissolved oxygen → Oxygen present in water available to aquatic organisms. Severe depletion can harm fish and other aerobic life.

Correct answer: C

Liners, cover and leachate management distinguish it from open dumping.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Biomagnification → Increase in concentration across successive trophic levels. Persistent substances can reach high levels in top consumers. II is incorrect: Photochemical smog → Pollution produced by sunlight-driven reactions involving precursor gases. Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are important precursors.

Correct answer: C

COD measures a wider set of oxidisable materials than BOD.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Noise pollution → Unwanted sound with adverse effects. It may impair communication, sleep or hearing. II is incorrect: Primary pollutant → Released directly from a source. Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion is an example.

Correct answer: A

Acid-forming reactions occur in the atmosphere.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Bioaccumulation → Build-up of a substance within an organism over time. Uptake exceeds elimination. II is correct: Leachate → Contaminated liquid draining through waste. Uncontrolled leachate can pollute soil and groundwater.

Correct answer: A

It improves recovery and safe handling.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Biochemical oxygen demand → Oxygen consumed by biological decomposition under specified conditions. High BOD often indicates substantial biodegradable organic pollution. II is incorrect: Secondary pollutant → Formed through reactions after emission. Ground-level ozone is a major example.

Correct answer: D

Warm discharges can reduce oxygen availability and stress organisms.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Primary pollutant → Released directly from a source. Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion is an example. II is correct: PM2.5 → Airborne particles with aerodynamic diameter at most 2.5 micrometres. Fine particles can penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract.

Correct answer: A

Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are important precursors.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Noise pollution → Unwanted sound with adverse effects. It may impair communication, sleep or hearing. II is correct: Sanitary landfill → Engineered waste disposal with protective controls. Liners, cover and leachate management distinguish it from open dumping.

Correct answer: C

High BOD often indicates substantial biodegradable organic pollution.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Primary pollutant → Released directly from a source. Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion is an example. II is correct: Bioaccumulation → Build-up of a substance within an organism over time. Uptake exceeds elimination.

Correct answer: D

Uncontrolled leachate can pollute soil and groundwater.