Pedagogy

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Belief that ability can improve with effective practice → Growth mindset. It supports improvement without claiming effort alone guarantees success. II is incorrect: Punishment → Consequence intended to reduce behaviour. It may suppress behaviour without teaching an alternative.

Correct answer: A

Goals help learners understand what successful performance involves.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Negative reinforcement → Removing an aversive condition to increase behaviour. It is not the same as punishment. II is incorrect: Interest in mastering a task for its own sake → Intrinsic motivation. The activity itself supplies the reason to engage.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Praise focused on a useful strategy → Process-focused praise. It reinforces effective approaches rather than a fixed identity label. II is correct: Working chiefly to obtain a prize → Extrinsic motivation. The incentive is external to the task.

Correct answer: D

Participation can strengthen commitment and clarity.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Wait time after a question → Pause allowing learners to think before responding. It can improve participation and response quality. II is correct: Restorative conversation → Discussion of harm, responsibility and repair. It aims to rebuild relationships and appropriate conduct.

Correct answer: D

The effect on future behaviour defines reinforcement.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Belief that ability can improve with effective practice → Growth mindset. It supports improvement without claiming effort alone guarantees success. II is incorrect: Jointly discussed classroom norms → Shared understanding of expected behaviour. Participation can strengthen commitment and clarity.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Negative reinforcement → Removing an aversive condition to increase behaviour. It is not the same as punishment. II is correct: Praise focused on a useful strategy → Process-focused praise. It reinforces effective approaches rather than a fixed identity label.

Correct answer: C

It can improve participation and response quality.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Working chiefly to obtain a prize → Extrinsic motivation. The incentive is external to the task. II is incorrect: Interest in mastering a task for its own sake → Intrinsic motivation. The activity itself supplies the reason to engage.

Correct answer: B

It may suppress behaviour without teaching an alternative.

Correct answer: A

I is correct: Praise focused on a useful strategy → Process-focused praise. It reinforces effective approaches rather than a fixed identity label. II is incorrect: Punishment → Consequence intended to reduce behaviour. It may suppress behaviour without teaching an alternative.

Correct answer: B

It is not the same as punishment.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Punishment → Consequence intended to reduce behaviour. It may suppress behaviour without teaching an alternative. II is correct: Restorative conversation → Discussion of harm, responsibility and repair. It aims to rebuild relationships and appropriate conduct.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Cooperative learning → Structured interdependence with individual accountability. Simply seating students together is insufficient. II is incorrect: Role play → Acting out a situation to explore perspectives or skills. Debriefing helps connect the experience with learning.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Project-based learning → Extended work produces a meaningful product or outcome. Planning, enquiry and revision typically occur over time. II is correct: Inquiry-based learning → Learners investigate questions using evidence. Claims are tested against observations or information.

Correct answer: B

It increases preparation and opportunities to participate.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Interleaved practice → Mixing related problem types during practice. Learners must distinguish which method fits each problem. II is correct: Retrieval practice → Recalling learned material from memory. It strengthens access to knowledge beyond rereading alone.

Correct answer: A

Access to preparation materials must be considered.

Correct answer: D

I is incorrect: Project-based learning → Extended work produces a meaningful product or outcome. Planning, enquiry and revision typically occur over time. II is incorrect: Demonstration → Showing a process while explaining critical steps. Learners need visibility and opportunities to practise.

Correct answer: C

Links should express meaningful conceptual connections.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Direct instruction → Explicit explanation, modelling and guided practice. It is useful for clear procedures and foundational knowledge. II is correct: Debate → Structured argument using reasons and evidence. It can develop evaluation of competing claims.

Correct answer: D

Support is withdrawn as learners become capable.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Demonstration → Showing a process while explaining critical steps. Learners need visibility and opportunities to practise. II is incorrect: Worked example → A complete demonstrated solution with reasoning. It can reduce unnecessary search for beginners.