Which energy source uses moving air?
Correct answer: C
Wind turbines convert kinetic energy into electricity.
Environment
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What is the variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels called?
Correct answer: A
The term covers several levels of biological variation.
Which organisms form the first trophic level in a typical grazing food chain?
Correct answer: C
They convert external energy into organic matter.
Which international convention focuses on wetlands?
Correct answer: A
It supports conservation and wise use of wetlands.
Which agreement specifically targets ozone-depleting substances?
Correct answer: B
It established controls on substances that damage the ozone layer.
Which process converts biodegradable waste into soil-enriching organic material?
Correct answer: D
Microorganisms break down organic matter under managed conditions.
What is an interconnected system of feeding relationships called?
Correct answer: C
Multiple food chains overlap within a food web.
Which energy source uses heat from Earth's interior?
Correct answer: B
Underground heat can be used for heating or power generation.
Which ecosystem includes salt-tolerant trees in intertidal areas?
Correct answer: A
Mangroves tolerate saline conditions and tidal flooding.
Which environmental problem is aggravated by removal of vegetation on slopes?
Correct answer: B
Roots and plant cover help hold soil and reduce runoff.
Which waste-management option should precede reuse and recycling in the usual hierarchy?
Correct answer: A
Avoiding waste generation is generally the first priority.
What is increasing pollutant concentration at successive trophic levels called?
Correct answer: D
Persistent pollutants can become more concentrated up food chains.
Which ecological pyramid is always upright under standard energy accounting?
Correct answer: B
Energy available decreases at successive trophic levels.
Which gas is a major long-lived driver of human-caused warming from fossil-fuel use?
Correct answer: D
Burning carbon-based fuels adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
What is conservation outside a species' natural habitat called?
Correct answer: B
Seed banks and botanical gardens are examples.
What is a sequence showing who eats whom in an ecosystem called?
Correct answer: D
Each link transfers food energy to the next feeding level.
What is excessive nutrient enrichment of a water body called?
Correct answer: C
It can cause algal growth and oxygen depletion.
What is conservation within a species' natural habitat called?
Correct answer: A
Protected habitats preserve species in their ecological setting.
Evaluate the two proposed answers. Which are supported? I. Carbon reservoir absorbing more than it releases — the relevant process or measure: Carbon sink. II. Conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate — the relevant process or measure: Nitrification.
Correct answer: B
I is correct: Carbon reservoir absorbing more than it releases → Carbon sink. Net uptake distinguishes a sink from a source. II is correct: Conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate → Nitrification. Specialised microorganisms oxidise reduced nitrogen.
For Phosphorus cycle's usual lack of a major gaseous phase, identify the relevant process or measure.
Correct answer: A
Rock weathering and sediment processes are especially important.
Evaluate the two proposed answers. Which are supported? I. Loss of water vapour from plant surfaces — the relevant process or measure: Infiltration. II. Total rate of carbon fixation by producers — the relevant process or measure: Net primary productivity.
Correct answer: D
I is incorrect: Loss of water vapour from plant surfaces → Transpiration. Stomata are a major route of water loss. II is incorrect: Total rate of carbon fixation by producers → Gross primary productivity. It includes production subsequently used in plant respiration.
Evaluate the two proposed answers. Which are supported? I. Organic matter from dead organisms — the relevant process or measure: Detritus. II. Feeding position in an ecosystem — the relevant process or measure: Trophic level.
Correct answer: B
I is correct: Organic matter from dead organisms → Detritus. Detrital food chains begin with this material. II is correct: Feeding position in an ecosystem → Trophic level. Producers occupy the first trophic level.
For Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to biologically usable forms, identify the relevant process or measure.
Correct answer: A
Certain microbes and physical processes perform it.
Evaluate the two proposed answers. Which are supported? I. Release of ammonium during decomposition of organic nitrogen — the relevant process or measure: Ammonification. II. Combined evaporation and transpiration — the relevant process or measure: Evapotranspiration.
Correct answer: B
I is correct: Release of ammonium during decomposition of organic nitrogen → Ammonification. Decomposers convert organic nitrogen into mineral forms. II is correct: Combined evaporation and transpiration → Evapotranspiration. It links land-water loss with vegetation.
For Long-term storage of carbon in vegetation or soil, identify the relevant process or measure.
Correct answer: C
It removes carbon from active atmospheric circulation for some period.