Polity

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Rule of law → Government is subject to law. Public power cannot rest merely on arbitrary personal will. II is incorrect: Delegated legislation → Rules made under authority granted by a legislature. The delegated authority must remain within the parent law.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Ordinance → Temporary law made by the executive under constitutional conditions. It must face the legislature within the prescribed framework. II is correct: Federalism → Constitutional distribution of powers across levels of government. Union and state responsibilities are constitutionally allocated.

Correct answer: D

India's President holds an elective constitutional office.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Secret ballot → A voter's choice is protected from disclosure. Secrecy reduces coercion and retaliation. II is incorrect: Single citizenship in India → Citizenship of India rather than separate state citizenship. Moving between states does not require a new citizenship.

Correct answer: A

Indian secularism protects religious freedom within constitutional limits.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Delegated legislation → Rules made under authority granted by a legislature. The delegated authority must remain within the parent law. II is correct: Parliamentary executive → Executive depends on legislative confidence. The ministry remains responsible to the elected lower House.

Correct answer: D

Public power cannot rest merely on arbitrary personal will.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Independent Election Commission → Institutional supervision of specified public elections. Its constitutional authority is under Article 324. II is correct: Ordinance → Temporary law made by the executive under constitutional conditions. It must face the legislature within the prescribed framework.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Parliamentary executive → Executive depends on legislative confidence. The ministry remains responsible to the elected lower House. II is correct: Secret ballot → A voter's choice is protected from disclosure. Secrecy reduces coercion and retaliation.

Correct answer: A

Union and state responsibilities are constitutionally allocated.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Constitutional supremacy → Ordinary laws must conform to the Constitution. A conflicting law can be invalidated by a competent court. II is incorrect: Ordinance → Temporary law made by the executive under constitutional conditions. It must face the legislature within the prescribed framework.

Correct answer: B

I is correct: Rule of law → Government is subject to law. Public power cannot rest merely on arbitrary personal will. II is correct: Parliamentary executive → Executive depends on legislative confidence. The ministry remains responsible to the elected lower House.

Correct answer: D

It must face the legislature within the prescribed framework.

Correct answer: B

I is incorrect: Reserved constituency → Specified eligibility for candidates, with all eligible local electors voting. It does not create a separate electorate by caste. II is correct: Secret ballot → A voter's choice is protected from disclosure. Secrecy reduces coercion and retaliation.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: Parliamentary executive → Executive depends on legislative confidence. The ministry remains responsible to the elected lower House. II is incorrect: Federalism → Constitutional distribution of powers across levels of government. Union and state responsibilities are constitutionally allocated.

Correct answer: C

I is correct: National Emergency → Article 352. The grounds are war, external aggression or armed rebellion. II is correct: Public interest litigation → Relaxed standing in appropriate public-interest cases. It can allow representation of persons unable to approach courts themselves.

Correct answer: D

It is no longer a Fundamental Right.

Correct answer: A

I is incorrect: Anti-defection provisions → Tenth Schedule. They were inserted by the Fifty-second Amendment. II is incorrect: Certiorari → Quashes an order of an inferior adjudicatory body in appropriate cases. It is a supervisory judicial remedy.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Supreme Court advisory jurisdiction → President may refer specified questions. Article 143 provides for advisory opinions. II is incorrect: Court of record → Its records have evidentiary authority and it can punish contempt. The Supreme Court and High Courts have this status.

Correct answer: B

It amended Article 326.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Public interest litigation → Relaxed standing in appropriate public-interest cases. It can allow representation of persons unable to approach courts themselves. II is correct: Financial Emergency → Article 360. It concerns a threat to financial stability or credit.

Correct answer: B

Each House must pass the Bill by the required majority.

Correct answer: D

I is correct: Judicial review → Courts examine constitutionality of state action. It helps maintain constitutional supremacy. II is incorrect: Supreme Court original federal jurisdiction → Certain Union-state and inter-state disputes. Article 131 specifies the relevant disputes.

Correct answer: A

The doctrine was articulated in Kesavananda Bharati.

Correct answer: C

I is incorrect: Voting age reduction to eighteen → Sixty-first Amendment. It amended Article 326. II is correct: Mandamus → Commands performance of a public duty. It addresses a failure to perform a legally required duty.