What term describes exploiting a previously unknown software vulnerability before the developer has released a fix?
Correct answer: B
A zero-day exploit targets a vulnerability unknown to the vendor, before any patch is available.
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What term describes malicious techniques that manipulate people, rather than systems, into revealing confidential information?
Correct answer: A
Social engineering manipulates human psychology to trick people into divulging confidential information.
What term describes an insider or outsider deliberately exceeding legitimate access limits to steal or damage data?
Correct answer: D
Unauthorized or insider threats involve individuals deliberately exceeding legitimate access to compromise data.
What term describes an incident where sensitive, protected data is accessed or disclosed without authorization?
Correct answer: B
A data breach occurs when sensitive or protected information is accessed or exposed without authorization.
What is software specifically designed to detect, quarantine, and remove malicious programs from a computer called?
Correct answer: D
Antivirus software scans for, quarantines, and removes malicious programs from a computer.
Which antivirus detection method compares files against a database of known malware patterns?
Correct answer: D
Signature-based detection identifies malware by matching it against a database of known malware signatures.
Which antivirus detection method analyzes a program's behavior or code structure to identify new, previously unknown threats?
Correct answer: B
Heuristic (behavioral) analysis examines behavior or code patterns to detect new or unknown malware.
Which security practice involves running suspicious software in an isolated environment to observe its behavior safely?
Correct answer: A
Sandboxing isolates and runs suspicious programs in a controlled environment to observe behavior without risk.
Which network security device or software monitors and filters incoming and outgoing traffic based on defined security rules?
Correct answer: A
A firewall filters network traffic according to defined security rules, blocking unauthorized access.
Which system continuously monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and alerts administrators, without blocking it directly?
Correct answer: A
An IDS monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and generates alerts, without necessarily blocking traffic.
Which system actively monitors and automatically blocks detected malicious network traffic in real time?
Correct answer: A
An IPS actively detects and blocks malicious traffic in real time, unlike an IDS which only alerts.
Which password practice is generally considered weak and easily guessed by attackers?
Correct answer: B
Simple, commonly used passwords like '123456' or 'password' are among the easiest for attackers to guess.
Which tool securely stores and generates strong, unique passwords for multiple accounts, requiring only one master password?
Correct answer: A
A password manager securely stores and generates unique passwords, requiring only a single master password to access.
Which authentication method combines something you know (like a password) with something you have (like a phone) or are (biometric)?
Correct answer: B
Two-factor (or multi-factor) authentication requires a second, independent verification method beyond just a password.
Which type of authentication uses unique physical characteristics, like a fingerprint or facial features, to verify identity?
Correct answer: D
Biometric authentication verifies identity using unique physical traits like fingerprints or facial recognition.
Which biometric method scans the unique pattern of ridges on a person's finger to verify identity?
Correct answer: A
Fingerprint recognition identifies individuals based on the unique ridge patterns on their fingers.
Which biometric method analyzes unique facial features captured by a camera to verify identity?
Correct answer: B
Facial recognition identifies individuals by analyzing distinctive facial features.
Which biometric method analyzes the unique patterns in the colored part of the eye to verify identity?
Correct answer: C
Iris scanning identifies individuals using the unique patterns found in the colored part of the eye.
Which practice describes converting readable data (plaintext) into a coded form (ciphertext) to prevent unauthorized access?
Correct answer: A
Encryption transforms readable data into a coded, unreadable form to protect it from unauthorized access.
Which process reverses encryption, converting coded ciphertext back into its original readable plaintext form?
Correct answer: D
Decryption converts encrypted ciphertext back into its original, readable plaintext form.
Which encryption type uses the same single key for both encrypting and decrypting data?
Correct answer: B
Symmetric encryption uses one shared key for both the encryption and decryption processes.
Which encryption type uses a pair of mathematically linked keys, one public and one private, for encrypting and decrypting?
Correct answer: B
Asymmetric encryption uses a public key to encrypt and a corresponding private key to decrypt data.
Which cryptographic technique converts data into a fixed-length string of characters, primarily used to verify data integrity rather than to be reversed?
Correct answer: D
Hashing produces a fixed-length output used mainly to verify data integrity; unlike encryption, it isn't meant to be reversed.
Which digital credential verifies the identity of a website or individual and enables secure, encrypted communication?
Correct answer: A
A digital certificate verifies identity and enables secure, encrypted communications, such as HTTPS connections.
Which authority issues and verifies digital certificates used to establish trust on the internet?
Correct answer: B
A Certificate Authority (CA) is a trusted entity that issues and verifies digital certificates.